/*
  FUNCTION-CLOSURE.hpp  -  metaprogramming tools for closing a function over given arguments

  Copyright (C)         Lumiera.org
    2009,               Hermann Vosseler <Ichthyostega@web.de>

  This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
  modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as
  published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of
  the License, or (at your option) any later version.

  This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
  GNU General Public License for more details.

  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
  along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
  Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.

*/


/** @file function-closure.hpp
 ** Partial function application and building a complete function closure.
 ** This is a addendum to (and thin wrapper for) `<functional>`, supporting
 ** the case when a function should be _closed_ over (partially or all) arguments,
 ** where especially the parameter values to close on are provided as a tuple.
 ** Additionally, we allow for composing (chaining) of two functions.
 ** 
 ** Because we have to deal with arbitrary functions and arbitrary parameter types,
 ** we need a lot of repetitive code to "catch" functions from zero to nine arguments.
 ** At the bottom of this header, you'll find a function-style interface, which
 ** wraps up all these technicalities.
 ** 
 ** @todo the implementation is able to handle partial application with N arguments,
 **       but currently we need just one argument, thus only this case was wrapped
 **       up into a convenient functions func::applyFirst and func::applyLast  
 ** 
 ** @see control::CommandDef usage example
 ** @see function.hpp
 ** 
 */


#ifndef LIB_META_FUNCTION_CLOSURE_H
#define LIB_META_FUNCTION_CLOSURE_H

#include "lib/meta/function.hpp"
#include "lib/meta/tuple-helper.hpp"

#include <functional>
#include <tuple>



namespace lib {
namespace meta{
namespace func{
  
  using std::function;
  using std::tuple;
  
  
  
  
  namespace { // helpers for binding and applying a function to an argument tuple
    
    using std::get;
    
    /**
     * this Helper with repetitive specialisations for up to nine arguments
     * is used either to apply a function to arguments given as a tuple, or
     * to create the actual closure (functor) over all function arguments.
     */
    template<uint n>
    struct Apply;
    
    
    template<>                                            //__________________________________
    struct Apply<0>                                      ///< Apply function without Arguments
      {
        template<typename RET, class FUN, class TUP>
        static RET
        invoke (FUN& f, TUP&)
          {
            return f ();
          }
        
        template<typename RET, class FUN, class TUP>
        static RET
        bind (FUN& f, TUP&)
          {
            return std::bind (f);
          }
      };
    
    
    template<>                                            //_________________________________
    struct Apply<1>                                      ///< Apply function with 1 Argument
      {
        template<typename RET, class FUN, class TUP>
        static RET
        invoke (FUN& f, TUP & arg)
          {
            return f (get<0>(arg));
          }
        
        template<typename RET, class FUN, class TUP>
        static RET
        bind (FUN& f, TUP & arg)
          {
            return std::bind (f, get<0>(arg));
          }
      };
    
    
    template<>                                            //_________________________________
    struct Apply<2>                                      ///< Apply function with 2 Arguments
      {
        template<typename RET, class FUN, class TUP>
        static RET
        invoke (FUN& f, TUP & arg)
          {
            return f ( get<0>(arg)
                     , get<1>(arg)
                     );
          }
        
        template<typename RET, class FUN, class TUP>
        static RET
        bind (FUN& f, TUP & arg)
          {
            return std::bind (f, get<0>(arg)
                               , get<1>(arg)
                              );
          }
      };
    
    
    template<>                                            //_________________________________
    struct Apply<3>                                      ///< Apply function with 3 Arguments
      {
        template<typename RET, class FUN, class TUP>
        static RET
        invoke (FUN& f, TUP & arg)
          {
            return f ( get<0>(arg)
                     , get<1>(arg)
                     , get<2>(arg)
                     );
          }
        
        template<typename RET, class FUN, class TUP>
        static RET
        bind (FUN& f, TUP & arg)
          {
            return std::bind (f, get<0>(arg)
                               , get<1>(arg)
                               , get<2>(arg)
                              );
          }
      };
    
    
    template<>                                            //_________________________________
    struct Apply<4>                                      ///< Apply function with 4 Arguments
      {
        template<typename RET, class FUN, class TUP>
        static RET
        invoke (FUN& f, TUP & arg)
          {
            return f ( get<0>(arg)
                     , get<1>(arg)
                     , get<2>(arg)
                     , get<3>(arg)
                     );
          }
        
        template<typename RET, class FUN, class TUP>
        static RET
        bind (FUN& f, TUP & arg)
          {
            return std::bind (f, get<0>(arg)
                               , get<1>(arg)
                               , get<2>(arg)
                               , get<3>(arg)
                              );
          }
      };
    
    
    template<>                                            //_________________________________
    struct Apply<5>                                      ///< Apply function with 5 Arguments
      {
        template<typename RET, class FUN, class TUP>
        static RET
        invoke (FUN& f, TUP & arg)
          {
            return f ( get<0>(arg)
                     , get<1>(arg)
                     , get<2>(arg)
                     , get<3>(arg)
                     , get<4>(arg)
                     );
          }
        
        template<typename RET, class FUN, class TUP>
        static RET
        bind (FUN& f, TUP & arg)
          {
            return std::bind (f, get<0>(arg)
                               , get<1>(arg)
                               , get<2>(arg)
                               , get<3>(arg)
                               , get<4>(arg)
                              );
          }
      };
    
    
    template<>                                            //_________________________________
    struct Apply<6>                                      ///< Apply function with 6 Arguments
      {
        template<typename RET, class FUN, class TUP>
        static RET
        invoke (FUN& f, TUP & arg)
          {
            return f ( get<0>(arg)
                     , get<1>(arg)
                     , get<2>(arg)
                     , get<3>(arg)
                     , get<4>(arg)
                     , get<5>(arg)
                     );
          }
        
        template<typename RET, class FUN, class TUP>
        static RET
        bind (FUN& f, TUP & arg)
          {
            return std::bind (f, get<0>(arg)
                               , get<1>(arg)
                               , get<2>(arg)
                               , get<3>(arg)
                               , get<4>(arg)
                               , get<5>(arg)
                              );
          }
      };
    
    
    template<>                                            //_________________________________
    struct Apply<7>                                      ///< Apply function with 7 Arguments
      {
        template<typename RET, class FUN, class TUP>
        static RET
        invoke (FUN& f, TUP & arg)
          {
            return f ( get<0>(arg)
                     , get<1>(arg)
                     , get<2>(arg)
                     , get<3>(arg)
                     , get<4>(arg)
                     , get<5>(arg)
                     , get<6>(arg)
                     );
          }
        
        template<typename RET, class FUN, class TUP>
        static RET
        bind (FUN& f, TUP & arg)
          {
            return std::bind (f, get<0>(arg)
                               , get<1>(arg)
                               , get<2>(arg)
                               , get<3>(arg)
                               , get<4>(arg)
                               , get<5>(arg)
                               , get<6>(arg)
                              );
          }
      };
    
    
    template<>                                            //_________________________________
    struct Apply<8>                                      ///< Apply function with 8 Arguments
      {
        template<typename RET, class FUN, class TUP>
        static RET
        invoke (FUN& f, TUP & arg)
          {
            return f ( get<0>(arg)
                     , get<1>(arg)
                     , get<2>(arg)
                     , get<3>(arg)
                     , get<4>(arg)
                     , get<5>(arg)
                     , get<6>(arg)
                     , get<7>(arg)
                     );
          }
        
        template<typename RET, class FUN, class TUP>
        static RET
        bind (FUN& f, TUP & arg)
          {
            return std::bind (f, get<0>(arg)
                               , get<1>(arg)
                               , get<2>(arg)
                               , get<3>(arg)
                               , get<4>(arg)
                               , get<5>(arg)
                               , get<6>(arg)
                               , get<7>(arg)
                              );
          }
      };
    
    
    template<>                                            //_________________________________
    struct Apply<9>                                      ///< Apply function with 9 Arguments
      {
        template<typename RET, class FUN, class TUP>
        static RET
        invoke (FUN& f, TUP & arg)
          {
            return f ( get<0>(arg)
                     , get<1>(arg)
                     , get<2>(arg)
                     , get<3>(arg)
                     , get<4>(arg)
                     , get<5>(arg)
                     , get<6>(arg)
                     , get<7>(arg)
                     , get<8>(arg)
                     );
          }
        
        template<typename RET, class FUN, class TUP>
        static RET
        bind (FUN& f, TUP & arg)
          {
            return std::bind (f, get<0>(arg)
                               , get<1>(arg)
                               , get<2>(arg)
                               , get<3>(arg)
                               , get<4>(arg)
                               , get<5>(arg)
                               , get<6>(arg)
                               , get<7>(arg)
                               , get<8>(arg)
                              );
          }
      };
    
    
    
    
    
    
    /* ===== Helpers for partial function application ===== */
    
    /** @note relying on the implementation type
     *        since we need to _build_ placeholders */
    using std::_Placeholder;
    
    
    /**
     *  Build a list of standard function argument placeholder types.
     *  For each of the elements of the provided reference list,
     *  a Placeholder is added, numbers counting up starting with 1 (!)
     */
    template<typename TYPES, size_t i=1>
    struct PlaceholderTuple
      : PlaceholderTuple<typename TYPES::List>
      { };
    
    template<typename X, typename TAIL, size_t i>
    struct PlaceholderTuple<Node<X,TAIL>, i>
      {
        using TailPlaceholders = typename PlaceholderTuple<TAIL,i+1>::List;
        
        using List = Node<_Placeholder<i>, TailPlaceholders>;
      };
    
    template<size_t i>
    struct PlaceholderTuple<NullType, i>
      {
        using List = NullType;
      };
    
    
    
    using std::tuple_element;
    using std::tuple_size;
    using std::get;
    
    
    /**
     * Builder for a tuple instance, where only some ctor parameters are supplied,
     * while the remaining arguments will be default constructed. The use case is
     * creating of a function binder, where some arguments shall be passed through
     * (and thus be stored in the resulting closure), while other arguments are just
     * marked as "Placeholder" with `std::_Placeholder<i>`.
     * These placeholder marker terms just need to be default constructed, and will
     * then be stored into the desired positions. Later on, when actually invoking
     * such a partially closed function, only the arguments marked with placeholders
     * need to be supplied, while the other arguments will use the values hereby
     * "baked" into the closure.
     * @tparam TAR full target tuple type. Some oft the elements within this tuple will
     *             be default constructed, some will be initialised from the SRC tuple
     * @tparam SRC argument tuple type, for the values _actually to be initialised_ here.
     * @tparam start position within TYPES, at which the sequence of init-arguments starts;
     *             all other positions will just be default initialised
     * @see lib::meta::TupleConstructor
     */
    template<typename SRC, typename TAR, size_t start>
    struct PartiallyInitTuple
      {
        template<size_t i>
        using DestType = typename std::tuple_element<i, TAR>::type;
        
        
        /**
         * define those index positions in the target tuple,
         * where init arguments shall be used on construction.
         * All other arguments will just be default initialised.
         */
        static constexpr bool
        useArg (size_t idx)
          {
            return (start <= idx)
               and (idx < start + std::tuple_size<SRC>());
          }
        
        
        
        template<size_t idx,   bool doPick = PartiallyInitTuple::useArg(idx)>
        struct IndexMapper
          {
            SRC const& initArgs;
            
            operator DestType<idx>()
              {
                return std::get<idx-start> (initArgs);
              }
          };
        
        template<size_t idx>
        struct IndexMapper<idx, false>
          {
            SRC const& initArgs;
            
            operator DestType<idx>()
              {
                return DestType<idx>();
              }
          };
      };
    
  } // (END) impl-namespace
  
  
  
  
  /* ======= core operations: closures and partial application ========= */
  
  /**
   * Closure-creating template.
   * The instance is linked (reference) to a given concrete argument tuple.
   * A functor with a matching signature may then either be _closed_ over
   * this argument values, or even be invoked right away with theses arguments.
   * @warning we take functor objects _and parameters_ by reference
   */
  template<typename SIG>
  class TupleApplicator
    {
      using Args = typename _Fun<SIG>::Args;
      using Ret  = typename _Fun<SIG>::Ret;
      
      using BoundFunc = function<Ret()>;
      
      enum { ARG_CNT = count<typename Args::List>::value };
      
      
      /** storing a ref to the parameter tuple */
      Tuple<Args>& params_;
      
    public:
      TupleApplicator (Tuple<Args>& args)
        : params_(args)
        { }
      
      BoundFunc bind (SIG& f)                 { return Apply<ARG_CNT>::template bind<BoundFunc> (f, params_); }
      BoundFunc bind (function<SIG> const& f) { return Apply<ARG_CNT>::template bind<BoundFunc> (f, params_); }
      
      Ret operator() (SIG& f)                 { return Apply<ARG_CNT>::template invoke<Ret> (f, params_); }
      Ret operator() (function<SIG>& f)       { return Apply<ARG_CNT>::template invoke<Ret> (f, params_); }
    };
  
  
  
  /**
   * Closing a function over its arguments.
   * This is a small usage example or spin-off,
   * having almost the same effect than invoking `std::bind()`.
   * The notable difference is that the function arguments for
   * creating the closure are passed in as one tuple compound.
   */
  template<typename SIG>
  class FunctionClosure
    {
      typedef typename _Fun<SIG>::Args Args;
      typedef typename _Fun<SIG>::Ret  Ret;
      
      function<Ret(void)> closure_;
      
    public:
      FunctionClosure (SIG& f, Tuple<Args>& arg)
        : closure_(TupleApplicator<SIG>(arg).bind(f))
        { }
      FunctionClosure (function<SIG> const& f, Tuple<Args>& arg)
        : closure_(TupleApplicator<SIG>(arg).bind(f))
        { }
      
      Ret operator() () { return closure_(); }
      
      typedef Ret  result_type;  ///< for STL use
      typedef void argument_type;
    };
  
  
  
  
  /**
   * Partial function application
   * Takes a function and a value tuple,
   * using the latter to close function arguments 
   * either from the front (left) or aligned to the end
   * of the function argument list. Result is a "reduced" function,
   * expecting only the remaining "un-closed" arguments at invocation.
   * @tparam SIG signature of the function to be closed, either as
   *             function reference type or `std::function` object
   * @tparam VAL type sequence describing the tuple of values
   *             used for closing arguments
   * @note the construction of this helper template does not verify or
   *       match types to the signature. In case of mismatch, you'll get
   *       a compilation failure from `std::bind` (which can be confusing)
   */
  template<typename SIG, typename VAL>
  class PApply
    {
      typedef typename _Fun<SIG>::Args Args;
      typedef typename _Fun<SIG>::Ret  Ret;
      typedef typename Args::List ArgsList;
      typedef typename VAL::List ValList;
      typedef typename Types<ValList>::Seq ValTypes;
      
      enum { ARG_CNT = count<ArgsList>::value
           , VAL_CNT = count<ValList> ::value
           , ROFFSET = (VAL_CNT < ARG_CNT)? ARG_CNT-VAL_CNT : 0
           };
      
      
      // create list of the *remaining* arguments, after applying the ValList
      typedef typename Splice<ArgsList, ValList>::Back           LeftReduced;
      typedef typename Splice<ArgsList, ValList, ROFFSET>::Front RightReduced;
      
      typedef typename Types<LeftReduced>::Seq  ArgsL;
      typedef typename Types<RightReduced>::Seq ArgsR;
      
      
      // build a list, where each of the *remaining* arguments is replaced by a placeholder marker
      typedef typename func::PlaceholderTuple<LeftReduced>::List  TrailingPlaceholders;
      typedef typename func::PlaceholderTuple<RightReduced>::List LeadingPlaceholders;
      
      // ... and splice these placeholders on top of the original argument type list,
      // thus retaining the types to be closed, but setting a placeholder for each remaining argument
      typedef typename Splice<ArgsList, TrailingPlaceholders, VAL_CNT>::List LeftReplaced;
      typedef typename Splice<ArgsList, LeadingPlaceholders, 0     >::List RightReplaced;
      
      typedef typename Types<LeftReplaced>::Seq  LeftReplacedTypes;
      typedef typename Types<RightReplaced>::Seq RightReplacedTypes;
      
      // create a "builder" helper, which accepts exactly the value tuple elements
      // and puts them at the right location, while default-constructing the remaining
      // (=placeholder)-arguments. Using this builder helper, we can finally set up
      // the argument tuples (Left/RightReplacedArgs) used for the std::bind call
      template<class SRC, class TAR, size_t i>
      using IdxSelectorL = typename PartiallyInitTuple<SRC, TAR, 0>::template IndexMapper<i>;
      
      template<class SRC, class TAR, size_t i>
      using IdxSelectorR = typename PartiallyInitTuple<SRC, TAR, ROFFSET>::template IndexMapper<i>;
      
      using BuildL = TupleConstructor<LeftReplacedTypes, IdxSelectorL>;
      using BuildR = TupleConstructor<RightReplacedTypes, IdxSelectorR>;
      
      
      /** Tuple to hold all argument values, starting from left.
       *  Any remaining positions behind the substitute values are occupied by binding placeholders */
      using LeftReplacedArgs  = Tuple<LeftReplacedTypes>;
      
      /** Tuple to hold all argument values, aligned to the end of the function argument list.
       *  Any remaining positions before the substitute values are occupied by binding placeholders */
      using RightReplacedArgs = Tuple<RightReplacedTypes>;
      
      
    public:
      typedef function<typename FunctionTypedef<Ret,ArgsL>::Sig> LeftReducedFunc;
      typedef function<typename FunctionTypedef<Ret,ArgsR>::Sig> RightReducedFunc;
      
      
      /** do a partial function application, closing the first arguments<br/>
       *  `f(a,b,c)->res  +  (a,b)`  yields  `f(c)->res`
       *  
       *  @param f   function, function pointer or functor
       *  @param arg value tuple, used to close function arguments starting from left
       *  @return new function object, holding copies of the values and using them at the
       *          closed arguments; on invocation, only the remaining arguments need to be supplied.
       */
      static LeftReducedFunc
      bindFront (SIG const& f, Tuple<ValTypes> const& arg)
        {
          LeftReplacedArgs params {BuildL(arg)};
          return func::Apply<ARG_CNT>::template bind<LeftReducedFunc> (f, params);
        }
      
      /** do a partial function application, closing the last arguments</br>
       *  `f(a,b,c)->res  +  (b,c)`  yields  `f(a)->res`
       *  
       *  @param f   function, function pointer or functor
       *  @param arg value tuple, used to close function arguments starting from right
       *  @return new function object, holding copies of the values and using them at the
       *          closed arguments; on invocation, only the remaining arguments need to be supplied.
       */
      static RightReducedFunc
      bindBack (SIG const& f, Tuple<ValTypes> const& arg)
        {
          RightReplacedArgs params {BuildR(arg)};
          return func::Apply<ARG_CNT>::template bind<RightReducedFunc> (f, params);
        }
    };
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  namespace _composed { // repetitive impl.code for function composition
    using std::bind;
    using std::function;
    using std::placeholders::_1;
    using std::placeholders::_2;
    using std::placeholders::_3;
    using std::placeholders::_4;
    using std::placeholders::_5;
    using std::placeholders::_6;
    using std::placeholders::_7;
    using std::placeholders::_8;
    using std::placeholders::_9;
    
    template<typename RES, typename F1, typename F2, uint n>
    struct Build;
    
    template<typename RES, typename F1, typename F2>
    struct Build<RES,F1,F2, 0 >
      {
        static function<RES> func(F1& f1, F2& f2) { return bind (f2, bind (f1)); }
      };
    
    template<typename RES, typename F1, typename F2>
    struct Build<RES,F1,F2, 1 >
      {
        static function<RES> func(F1& f1, F2& f2) { return bind (f2, bind (f1,_1)); }
      };
    
    template<typename RES, typename F1, typename F2>
    struct Build<RES,F1,F2, 2 >
      {
        static function<RES> func(F1& f1, F2& f2) { return bind (f2, bind (f1,_1,_2)); }
      };
    
    template<typename RES, typename F1, typename F2>
    struct Build<RES,F1,F2, 3 >
      {
        static function<RES> func(F1& f1, F2& f2) { return bind (f2, bind (f1,_1,_2,_3)); }
      };
    
    template<typename RES, typename F1, typename F2>
    struct Build<RES,F1,F2, 4 >
      {
        static function<RES> func(F1& f1, F2& f2) { return bind (f2, bind (f1,_1,_2,_3,_4)); }
      };
    
    template<typename RES, typename F1, typename F2>
    struct Build<RES,F1,F2, 5 >
      {
        static function<RES> func(F1& f1, F2& f2) { return bind (f2, bind (f1,_1,_2,_3,_4,_5)); }
      };
    
    template<typename RES, typename F1, typename F2>
    struct Build<RES,F1,F2, 6 >
      {
        static function<RES> func(F1& f1, F2& f2) { return bind (f2, bind (f1,_1,_2,_3,_4,_5,_6)); }
      };
    
    template<typename RES, typename F1, typename F2>
    struct Build<RES,F1,F2, 7 >
      {
        static function<RES> func(F1& f1, F2& f2) { return bind (f2, bind (f1,_1,_2,_3,_4,_5,_6,_7)); }
      };
    
    template<typename RES, typename F1, typename F2>
    struct Build<RES,F1,F2, 8 >
      {
        static function<RES> func(F1& f1, F2& f2) { return bind (f2, bind (f1,_1,_2,_3,_4,_5,_6,_7,_8)); }
      };
    
    template<typename RES, typename F1, typename F2>
    struct Build<RES,F1,F2, 9 >
      {
        static function<RES> func(F1& f1, F2& f2) { return bind (f2, bind (f1,_1,_2,_3,_4,_5,_6,_7,_8,_9)); }
      };
  } // (End) impl namespace (_composed)
  
  
  
  /**
   * Functional composition. Create a functor, which
   * on invocation will execute two functions chained,
   * i.e. fed the result of invoking the first function
   * as argument into the second function.  
   */
  template<typename F1, typename RET>
  class FunctionComposition
    {
      typedef typename _Fun<F1>::Args Args;
      typedef typename _Fun<F1>::Ret  Ret1;
      
      typedef Types<Ret1> ArgsF2;
      typedef typename FunctionTypedef<RET, ArgsF2>::Sig SigF2;
      typedef typename FunctionTypedef<RET, Args>::Sig ChainedSig;
      
      enum { ARG_CNT = count<typename Args::List>::value };
      
      
    public:
      static function<ChainedSig>
      chain (F1& f1, SigF2& f2)
        {
          return _composed::Build<ChainedSig,F1,SigF2, ARG_CNT>::func (f1,f2);
        }
      static function<ChainedSig>
      chain (F1& f1, function<SigF2>& f2)
        {
          return _composed::Build<ChainedSig,F1,function<SigF2>, ARG_CNT>::func (f1,f2);
        }
    };
  
  
  
  /**
   * Bind a specific argument to an arbitrary value.
   * Especially, this "value" might be another binder.
   */
  template<typename SIG, typename X, uint pos>
  class BindToArgument
    {
      typedef typename _Fun<SIG>::Args Args;
      typedef typename _Fun<SIG>::Ret  Ret;
      typedef typename Args::List ArgsList;
      typedef typename Types<X>::List ValList;
      
      enum { ARG_CNT = count<ArgsList>::value };

      typedef typename Splice<ArgsList, ValList, pos>::Front RemainingFront;
      typedef typename Splice<ArgsList, ValList, pos>::Back  RemainingBack;
      typedef typename func::PlaceholderTuple<RemainingFront>::List PlaceholdersBefore;
      typedef typename func::PlaceholderTuple<RemainingBack,pos+1>::List PlaceholdersBehind;
      typedef typename Append< typename Append< PlaceholdersBefore
                                              , ValList >::List
                             , PlaceholdersBehind >::List          PreparedArgs;
      typedef typename Append<RemainingFront, RemainingBack>::List ReducedArgs;
      
      using PreparedArgTypes = typename Types<PreparedArgs>::Seq;
      using RemainingArgs    = typename Types<ReducedArgs>::Seq;
      
      using ReducedSig = typename FunctionTypedef<Ret,RemainingArgs>::Sig;
      
      template<class SRC, class TAR, size_t i>
      using IdxSelector = typename PartiallyInitTuple<SRC, TAR, pos>::template IndexMapper<i>;
      
      using BuildPreparedArgs = TupleConstructor<PreparedArgTypes, IdxSelector>;
      
      
      
    public:
      typedef function<ReducedSig> ReducedFunc;
      
      static ReducedFunc
      reduced (SIG& f, Tuple<Types<X>> const& val)
        {
          Tuple<PreparedArgTypes> params {BuildPreparedArgs(val)};
          return func::Apply<ARG_CNT>::template bind<ReducedFunc> (f, params);
        }
    };
  
  
  
  namespace { // ...helpers for specifying types in function declarations....
    
    template<typename RET, typename ARG>
    struct _Sig
      {
        typedef typename FunctionTypedef<RET, ARG>::Sig Type;
        typedef TupleApplicator<Type> Applicator;
      };
    
    template<typename SIG, typename ARG>
    struct _Clo
      {
        typedef typename _Fun<SIG>::Ret Ret;
        typedef typename _Sig<Ret,ARG>::Type Signature;
        typedef FunctionClosure<Signature> Type;
      };
    
    template<typename SIG1, typename SIG2>
    struct _Chain
      {
        typedef typename _Fun<SIG1>::Args Args;
        typedef typename _Fun<SIG2>::Ret  Ret;
        typedef typename FunctionTypedef<Ret, Args>::Sig Chained;
        typedef function<Chained> Function;
      };
    
    template<typename SIG>
    struct _PapS
      {
        typedef typename _Fun<SIG>::Ret Ret;
        typedef typename _Fun<SIG>::Args Args;
        typedef typename Split<Args>::Head Arg;
        typedef typename Split<Args>::Tail Rest;
        typedef typename _Sig<Ret,Rest>::Type Signature;
        typedef function<Signature> Function;
      };
    
    template<typename SIG>
    struct _PapE
      {
        typedef typename _Fun<SIG>::Ret Ret;
        typedef typename _Fun<SIG>::Args Args;
        typedef typename Split<Args>::End Arg;
        typedef typename Split<Args>::Prefix Rest;
        typedef typename _Sig<Ret,Rest>::Type Signature;
        typedef function<Signature> Function;
      };
    
  } // (End) argument type shortcuts
  
  
  
  
  /*  ========== function-style interface =============  */
  
  /** build a TupleApplicator, which embodies the given
   *  argument tuple and can be used to apply them
   *  to various functions repeatedly.
   */
  template<typename...ARG>
  inline
  typename _Sig<void, Types<ARG...>>::Applicator
  tupleApplicator (std::tuple<ARG...>& args)
  {
    typedef typename _Sig<void,Types<ARG...>>::Type Signature;
    return TupleApplicator<Signature> (args);
  }
  
  
  /** apply the given function to the argument tuple */
  template<typename SIG, typename...ARG>
  inline
  typename _Fun<SIG>::Ret
  apply (SIG& f, std::tuple<ARG...>& args)
  {
    typedef typename _Fun<SIG>::Ret Ret;                          //
    typedef typename _Sig<Ret,Types<ARG...>>::Type Signature;    // Note: deliberately re-building the Signature Type
    return TupleApplicator<Signature> (args) (f);               //        in order to get better error messages here
  }
  
  /** close the given function over all arguments,
   *  using the values from the argument tuple.
   *  @return a closure object, which can be 
   *          invoked later to yield the
   *          function result. */
  template<typename SIG, typename...ARG>
  inline
  typename _Clo<SIG,Types<ARG...>>::Type
  closure (SIG& f, std::tuple<ARG...>& args)
  {
    typedef typename _Clo<SIG,Types<ARG...>>::Type Closure;
    return Closure (f,args);
  }
  
  
  /** close the given function over the first argument */
  template<typename SIG, typename ARG>
  inline
  typename _PapS<SIG>::Function
  applyFirst (SIG& f, ARG arg)
  {
    typedef typename _PapS<SIG>::Arg ArgType;
    typedef Types<ArgType>           ArgTypeSeq;
    typedef Tuple<ArgTypeSeq>        ArgTuple;
    ArgTuple val(arg);
    return PApply<SIG,ArgTypeSeq>::bindFront (f, val);
  }
  
  /** close the given function over the last argument */
  template<typename SIG, typename ARG>
  inline
  typename _PapE<SIG>::Function
  applyLast (SIG& f, ARG arg)
  {
    typedef typename _PapE<SIG>::Arg ArgType;
    typedef Types<ArgType>           ArgTypeSeq;
    typedef Tuple<ArgTypeSeq>        ArgTuple;
    ArgTuple val(arg);
    return PApply<SIG,ArgTypeSeq>::bindBack (f, val);
  }
  
  
  /** bind the last function argument to an arbitrary term,
   *  which especially might be a (nested) binder... */
  template<typename SIG, typename TERM>
  inline
  typename _PapE<SIG>::Function
  bindLast (SIG& f, TERM const& arg)
  {
    typedef Types<TERM>     ArgTypeSeq;
    typedef Tuple<ArgTypeSeq> ArgTuple;
    ArgTuple argT(arg);
    enum { LAST_POS = -1 + count<typename _Fun<SIG>::Args::List>::value };
    return BindToArgument<SIG,TERM,LAST_POS>::reduced (f, argT);
  }
  
  
  /** build a functor chaining the given functions */
  template<typename SIG1, typename SIG2>
  inline
  typename _Chain<SIG1,SIG2>::Function
  chained (SIG1& f1, SIG2& f2)
  {
    typedef typename _Chain<SIG1,SIG2>::Ret Ret;
    return FunctionComposition<SIG1,Ret>::chain (f1, f2);
  }
  
  
  
}}} // namespace lib::meta::func
#endif