Design Process : C Coding Style Guide
=====================================

[grid="all"]
`------------`-----------------------
*State*         _Final_
*Date*          _2007-07-03_
*Proposed by*   link:ct[]
-------------------------------------




C Coding Style Guide
--------------------
I introduce here my favorite C coding style.




Description
~~~~~~~~~~~
In the following I'll explain a C coding style I used frequently for other
projects. Take this as suggestion for parts written in C (it definitely makes
no sense for C++). We probably don't need to enforce this style for normal C
code, but for the related link:Lumiera/DesignProcess/AllPluginInterfacesAreC[]
it really makes sense to have some well defined style.


Function names follow the rule:
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
.`namespace[\_object][\_verb[\_subjects]][\_version]`
* namespace is \'lumiera_\' appended with some subsystem tag
  (`lumiera_plugin_audio_`)
* object is the type of the \'this\' object we are addressing, maybe followed
  by the object we are returning
* verb is the action to take, (new, copy, free, set, clear,.. etc.) if omitted
  the action is `get`
* subjects is a descriptive list of the arguments which the action takes, this
  should be a  human readable word describing the parameter concept, and NOT
  encoding a concrete type (name, age, weight; not string, int, float)
* for interfaces we may use versioning, then a number is appended to the name
  but we alias the actual function with a inline function or a macro without
  this number.


Prototypes follow the rule:
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
.`rettype function (Object self, ...)`
* function is the functionname as above
* rettype is sensible to what object and verb define, setters return a pointer
  to the set'ed element if an allocation could be involved (or NULL on
  failure), a int if the setter does some checks over the supplied argument (0
  indicates failure, !0 success), void for procedures and actions which can
  never fail.
* Object is a pointer to refered object (\'this\' like C++) in rare cases
  (_new()) functions may be used without this self pointer, see below
* `...` are the types and names of the arguments described in `subjects` of the
        name.


Object variants:
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
For each `struct namespace_foo_struct` we have following typedefs:

[source,C]
----
typedef struct namespace_foo_struct namespace_foo;   // basic struct name
typedef namespace_foo* NamespaceFoo;                 // canonical object pointer/handle
typedef const namespace_foo * const_NamespaceFoo;    // pointer to const object
typedef namespace_foo ** NamespaceFoo_ref;           // when intend to mutate the handle itself
typedef const namespace_foo ** const_NamespaceFoo_ref;  // same for const object handle
----

Examples:
+++++++++
.`lumiera_plugin_audio_sample_normalize_limit_1 (AudioSample self, int limit)`
* namespace is \'lumiera_plugin_audio\'
* operates on a \'sample\' object (and likely returns a pointer)
* operation is \'normalize\'
* takes one additional parameter describing the limit for normalization
* this is a version 1 interface we later define:

[source,C]
----
#define lumiera_plugin_audio_sample_normalize_limit\
        lumiera_plugin_audio_sample_normalize_limit_1
----

.`lumiera_plugin_audio_sample_rate_1 (AudioSample self)`
* this would be just a getter function returning the sample rate

.`lumiera_plugin_audio_sample_set_rate_1 (AudioSample self, unsigned rate)`
* a setter, note that the 'rate' is defined after the verb




Tasks
^^^^^


Pros
^^^^
* supplements documentation, makes it even unneeded sometimes
* well defined namespace
* C language bindings without tricks


Cons
^^^^
* very long identifier names
* not completely unique


Alternatives
^^^^^^^^^^^^
* Hungarian notation isn't readable, fails semantic consistency, has renaming
  issues and encodes types rather than concepts. There are simpler schemes
  which are even more unambiguous.




Rationale
~~~~~~~~~
I am trying/using this scheme since some time now, at first it looks like
overhead to encode arguments to functionnames. But the intention here is to
make code easy readable and memorizeable, when one follows this scheme one does
seldom need to lookup the docs about the API. In fact it sometimes even turns
out that one wants to use a functionname which isn't defined in the API, which
is a good indicator to add such to to the API.

This scheme is not fully unambiguous but suffices for all practical task. It
encodes parameters like C++ does for overloading without strange mangling. All
names are global in a well defined namespace which is very natural for C (other
OO like C styles involve structs and hand written vtables, with this scheme we
trampoline from this global names to vtables *only* if needed)




Conclusion
----------
Finalized on link:MonthlyMeetings[]/Protocol-2008-03-06




Comments
--------

I strongly object promoting such a thing as a general "Style Guide". It can be
a help or last resort if you are forced to work with improper tools (a
situation that's rather frequent in practice though). __As such it is well
chosen and practical__.

But basically, it shows several things:
* you are using a global namespace
* you deal with way to fat interfaces
* you mix deployment metadata (a version/compatibility check) with functional
  code
All of this indicates some design style breakage, so it would be preferable to
fix the design if possible.

The only part I'd like to support as a Style Guide is the rule of using the
"verb+object" pattern for creating function names
 -- link:Ichthyostega[] [[DateTime(2007-07-08T11:42:39Z)]]

Probably needs little explanation:
* you are using a global namespace
This is only about C for names which get exported, C only has a global
namespace and we need some way to get unique names. The
link:Lumiera/DesignProcess/AllPluginInterfacesAreC[] already uses
better/smaller namespaces by defining interfaces as C structs. The full blown
long names explained here are technically not needed when we use the plugin
system as proposed, I just shown them here for completeness. Next, when we
decide for alternative linking methods like static builds we would need to
declare all "verb+object" functions static, else there is a high probability of
clashes.

* you deal with way to fat interfaces
How can you tell that? This is only a nameing style. No interfaces mentioned
here. I am all after small well defined specialized interfaces.

* you mix deployment metadata (a version/compatibility check) with functional
  code
Yes, I cant figure out how to do it better but still lightweight in C. the
_version thing is something I added here after the interfaces proposal. I work
on a example how this will be used in a more friendly way.

Note again that this is a "nameing system", it is intended to be very verbose
and give unique declarative names. It is not about design! Design is done as
usual and only when things have to be exported as C symbols (both, exported and
C!!)  this applies. This has zero implication for C++ code, zero implication
for C functions which are not exported (while I personally still prefer this
style) and finally when we do the interfaces thing like I proposed, then the
naming can be much simpler, see examples there or in my repository.
 -- link:ct[] [[DateTime(2007-07-10T08:03:06Z)]]


Thanks, your explanation together with the example in git made the usage
pattern much more clear. I think the _version postfix is esp. helpful on the
names of the plugin interfaces (structs in C), and probably it will be a good
practice, to have one such common plugin interface on every "plugin extension
point", i.e. every point in the sytem, that can be extended by plugins.
  -- 217.110.94.1 [[DateTime(2007-07-10T17:23:33Z)]]

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