LUMIERA.clone/src/lib/time/timevalue.hpp
Ichthyostega b6a39fa831 Upgrade: simplify comparisons
Now able to remove most complicated comparison operators and most usages of boost::operators...
In most cases it is sufficient just to define one ''spaceship operator'',
and often even that one can be synthesised.

However — we still use boost::operators for arithmetic types,
notably the `lib::time::TimeValue`, which is addable and mutipliable
2025-07-04 03:37:54 +02:00

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/*
TIMEVALUE.hpp - basic definitions for time values and time intervals
Copyright (C)
2010, Hermann Vosseler <Ichthyostega@web.de>
  **Lumiera** is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
  under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
  Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your
  option) any later version. See the file COPYING for further details.
*/
/** @file timevalue.hpp
** a family of time value like entities and their relationships.
** This is the foundation for the Lumiera time handling framework. On the implementation
** level, time values are represented as 64bit integer values `raw_time_64`, similar to
** and inspired by `gavl_time_t` from the raw-video handling [Lib-GAVL]. But for the
** actual use, we create several kinds of time "values", based on their logical properties.
** These time values are considered to be fixed (immutable) values, which may only be
** created through some limited construction paths, and any time based calculation
** is forced to go through our time calculation library. This is prerequisite for
** the definition of _frame aligned_ time values and time code representation
** implemented as display format based on these frame quantised time values.
**
** # Time entities
**
** The value types defined in this header represent time points and time intervals
** based on an internal time scale (µs ticks) and not related to any known fixed time
** zone or time base; rather they are interpreted in usage context, and the intended
** way to retrieve such a value is by formatting it into a time code format.
**
** The lib::time::TimeValue serves as foundation for all further time calculations;
** in fact it is implemented as a single 64bit µ-tick value (`raw_time_64`). The
** further time entities are implemented as value objects (without virtual functions):
** - lib::time::Time represents a time instant and is the reference for any usage
** - lib::time::TimeVar is a mutable time variable and can be used for calculations
** - lib::time::Offset can be used to express a positive or negative shift on time scale
** - lib::time::Duration represents the extension or an amount of time
** - lib::time::TimeSpan represents a distinct interval, with start time and duration
** - lib::time::FrameRate can be used to mark a number to denote a frames-per-second spec
** - lib::time::FSecs is a rational number to represent seconds or fractions thereof
**
** # Manipulating time values
**
** Time values are conceived as fixed, immutable entities, similar to numbers; you can't
** just change the number two, and likewise, two seconds are two seconds. However, for
** many use cases we have to combine time values to perform calculations
** - Time entities can be combined with operators, to form new time entities
** - the TimeVar can be used as accumulator or variable for ongoing calculations
** - since TimeSpan, Duration (and the grid-aligned, "quantised" flavours) will often
** represent some time-like property or entity, e.g. the temporal specification of
** a media Clip with start and duration, there is the concept of an explicit *mutation*,
** which is _accepted_ by these entities. Notably the lib::time::Control can be attached
** to these entities, and can then receive manipulations (nudging, offset); moreover it
** is possible to attach as listener to such a "controller" and be notified by any
** manipulation; this setup is the base for running time display, playback cursors etc.
**
** # Quantised time
**
** While these _internal time values_ can be considered _sufficiently precise,_ in practice
** any time specifications in the context of media handling will be aligned to some grid,
** and expressed in a _time code format._ Typically, we want to know the number of frames
** since playback started at the beginning of the timeline, and such a specification also
** relies on some implicitly known _frame rate_ (24fps for film in US, 25fps for film and
** TV in Europe, ...). By _deliberate choice,_ in Lumiera we *do not incorporate* such
** implicit assumptions into the actual time values. Rather, they need to be made explicitly
** in the relevant usage context. This is also the reason why the time entities defined in
** this header _do not offer an API_ to get the "real" time (whatever this means). Rather,
** the user of these time entities should get used to the concept that these abstract
** opaque values are the real thing, and a concrete, human readable time code is only
** a derivation, and any such derivation also incurs information loss. To reiterate that,
** _any time quantisation is a lossy information;_ grid aligned values are not "cleaner",
** they are just easier to handle for humans.
**
** \par how can I extract a time value?
** Taking the aforementioned into account, it depends on the context what to expect and to get
** - the standard path is to create a lib::time::QuTime by associating the internal time value
** with a pre-defined _time grid._ From there you can call QuTime::formatAs() to build an
** actual timecode instance, which can then be investigated or just printed.
** - for debugging purpose, lib::time::Time defines an `operator string()`, which breaks down
** the internal values into the format `-hh:mm:ss.mss`
** - advanced calculations with the need to access the implementation data in full precision
** should go through lib::time::TimeVar, which offers conversions to raw `int64_t` and the
** even more fine grained `FSec`, which is a rational (fraction) `boost::rational<int64_t>`
**
** @see time.h basic time calculation library functions
** @see timequant.hpp
** @see TimeValue_test
**
** [Lib-GAVL]: https://github.com/bplaum/gavl
*/
#ifndef LIB_TIME_TIMEVALUE_H
#define LIB_TIME_TIMEVALUE_H
#include "lib/error.hpp"
#include <boost/operators.hpp>
#include <boost/rational.hpp>
#include <compare>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <string>
namespace lib {
namespace time {
namespace error = lumiera::error;
// forwards...
class FrameRate;
class Duration;
class TimeSpan;
class Mutation;
/**
* Raw µ-tick time representation used in Lumiera.
* @remark this representation was inspired by [Lib-GAVL].
* @todo 2025 a mere type alias is up to debate -- very likely we'll use a wrapper soon /////////////////TICKET #1258
* @warning application logic should avoid handling any raw time value
* directly and rather treat time data as an opaque entity.
* [Lib-GAVL]: https://github.com/bplaum/gavl
*/
using raw_time_64 = int64_t;
/**
* basic constant internal time value.
* These time values provide the implementation base
* for all further time types. They can be created by
* wrapping up a raw micro tick value (raw_time_64),
* are totally ordered, but besides that,
* they are opaque and non-mutable.
* @note clients should prefer to use Time instances,
* which explicitly denote an Lumiera internal
* time value and are easier to use.
* @see TimeVar when full arithmetics are required
*/
class TimeValue
{
protected:
/** the raw (internal) time value
* used to implement the time types */
raw_time_64 t_;
/** Assigning of time values is not allowed,
* but derived classed might allow that */
TimeValue&
operator= (TimeValue const& o)
{
t_ = o.t_;
return *this;
}
/** some subclasses may receive modification messages */
friend class Mutation;
/** explicit limit of allowed time range */
static raw_time_64 limitedTime (raw_time_64 raw);
/** safe calculation of explicitly limited time offset */
static raw_time_64 limitedDelta (raw_time_64 origin, raw_time_64 target);
/** @internal for Offset and Duration entities built on top */
TimeValue (TimeValue const& origin, TimeValue const& target)
: t_{limitedDelta (origin.t_, target.t_)}
{ }
public:
/** Number of micro ticks (µs) per second as basic time scale */
static const raw_time_64 SCALE;
explicit
TimeValue (raw_time_64 val) ///< time given in µ ticks here
: t_{limitedTime (val)}
{ }
/** copy initialisation allowed */
TimeValue (TimeValue const& o)
: t_(o.t_)
{ }
/** @internal to pass Time values to C functions */
friend raw_time_64 _raw (TimeValue const& time) { return time.t_; }
friend HashVal hash_value (TimeValue const&);
static TimeValue buildRaw_(raw_time_64);
/** @internal diagnostics */
explicit operator std::string() const;
/** @return is in-domain, not a boundary value */
bool isRegular() const;
// Supporting strong total ordering
std::strong_ordering operator<=> (TimeValue const&) const =default;
bool operator== (TimeValue const&) const =default;
std::strong_ordering operator<=> (raw_time_64 tt) const { return t_ <=> tt; }
bool operator== (raw_time_64 tt) const { return t_ == tt; }
};
/* ======= specific Time entities ==================== */
/** relative framecount or frame number.
* Used within the engine at places where the underlying
* grid and origin is obvious from the call context.
* @warning do not mix up raw_time_64 and FrameCnt.
* @warning use 64bit consistently.
* beware: `long` is 32bit on i386
* @note any conversion to frame numbers should go through
* time quantisation followed by conversion to FrameNr
*/
using FrameCnt = int64_t;
/** rational representation of fractional seconds
* @warning do not mix up raw_time_64 and FSecs */
using FSecs = boost::rational<int64_t>;
/** a mutable time value,
* behaving like a plain number,
* allowing copy and re-accessing
* @note supports scaling by a factor,
* which _deliberately_ is chosen
* as int, not raw_time_64, because the
* multiplying of times is meaningless.
*/
class TimeVar
: public TimeValue
, boost::additive<TimeVar,
boost::additive<TimeVar, TimeValue,
boost::multipliable<TimeVar, int>
> >
{
public:
TimeVar (TimeValue const& time = TimeValue(0))
: TimeValue(time)
{ }
/** Allow to pick up precise fractional seconds
* @warning truncating fractional µ-ticks */
TimeVar (FSecs const&);
/// Allowing copy and assignment
TimeVar (TimeVar const& o)
: TimeValue(o)
{ }
TimeVar& operator= (TimeVar const&) = default;
TimeVar& operator= (TimeValue const& o)
{
*this = TimeVar(o);
return *this;
}
/// Support for micro-tick precise time arithmetics
operator FSecs() const { return FSecs{t_, TimeValue::SCALE}; }
/// Supporting additive
TimeVar& operator+= (TimeVar const& tx) { t_ += tx.t_; return *this; }
TimeVar& operator-= (TimeVar const& tx) { t_ -= tx.t_; return *this; }
/// Supporting multiplication with integral factor
TimeVar& operator*= (int64_t fact) { t_ *= fact; return *this; }
/// Supporting sign flip
TimeVar operator- () const { return TimeVar(*this)*=-1; }
// baseclass TimeValue is already totally_ordered
};
/**********************************************************//**
* Lumiera's internal time value datatype.
* This is a TimeValue, but now more specifically denoting
* a point in time, measured in reference to an internal
* (opaque) time scale.
*
* Lumiera Time provides some limited capabilities for
* direct manipulation; Time values can be created directly
* from `(ms,sec,min,hour)` specification and there is an
* string representation intended for internal use (reporting
* and debugging). Any real output, formatting and persistent
* storage should be based on the (quantised) timecode
* formats though, which can be generated from time values.
*
* Similar to TimeValue, also Time objects are considered
* immutable values. As convenience shortcut, some operators
* are provided, creating a TimVar for further calculations.
*/
class Time
: public TimeValue
{
/// direct assignment prohibited
Time& operator= (Time const);
/// suppress possible direct conversions
Time(int);
public:
static const Time MAX ;
static const Time MIN ;
static const Time ZERO;
static const Time ANYTIME; ///< border condition marker value. #ANYTIME <= any time value
static const Time NEVER; ///< border condition marker value. #NEVER >= any time value
explicit
Time (TimeValue const& val =TimeValue(0))
: TimeValue(val)
{ }
explicit
Time (FSecs const& fractionalSeconds);
Time (Time const&) = default;
Time (TimeVar const& calcResult)
: TimeValue(calcResult)
{ }
Time ( long millis
, uint secs
, uint mins =0
, uint hours=0
);
/** @internal diagnostics */
explicit operator std::string() const;
/** convenience start for time calculations */
TimeVar operator+ (TimeValue const& tval) const { return TimeVar(*this) + tval; }
TimeVar operator- (TimeValue const& tval) const { return TimeVar(*this) - tval; }
TimeVar operator- () const { return -TimeVar(*this); }
};
/**
* Offset measures a distance in time.
* It may be used to relate two points in time,
* or to create a modification for time-like entities.
* Similar to (basic) time values, offsets can be compared,
* but are otherwise opaque and immutable. Yet they allow
* to build derived values, including
* - the _absolute (positive) distance_ for this offset: #abs
* - a combined offset by chaining another offset
* @note on construction, Offset values are checked and limited
* to be within [-Duration::MAX ... +Duration::MAX]
*/
class Offset
: public TimeValue
{
protected:
/** generally immutable,
* but derived classes allow some limited mutation
* through special API calls */
Offset&
operator= (Offset const& o)
{
TimeValue::operator= (o);
return *this;
}
public:
explicit
Offset (TimeValue const& distance =Time::ZERO);
explicit
Offset (FSecs const& delta_in_secs);
Offset (Offset const&) = default;
Offset (FrameCnt count, FrameRate const& fps);
Offset (TimeValue const& origin, TimeValue const& target)
: TimeValue{origin, target}
{ }
static const Offset ZERO;
/** interpret the distance given by this offset as a time duration */
Duration abs() const;
/** @internal stretch offset by a possibly fractional factor,
* and quantise into raw (micro tick) grid */
Offset stretchedByRationalFactor (boost::rational<int64_t>) const;
Offset stretchedByFloatFactor (double) const;
/** @internal diagnostics, indicating ∆ */
explicit operator std::string() const;
// Supporting sign flip
Offset operator- () const;
};
//-- support linear offset chaining ---------------
inline Offset
operator+ (Offset const& start, Offset const& toChain)
{
TimeVar distance(start);
distance += toChain;
return Offset(distance);
}
inline Offset
operator- (Offset const& start, Offset const& toSubtract)
{
TimeVar distance(start);
distance -= toSubtract;
return Offset(distance);
}
template<typename FAC>
inline Offset
operator* (Offset const& distance, FAC factor)
{
return factor*distance;
}
template<typename INT>
inline Offset
operator* (INT factor, Offset const& o)
{
TimeVar distance(o);
distance *= factor;
return Offset(distance);
}
template<typename INTX>
inline Offset
operator* (boost::rational<INTX> factor, Offset const& offset)
{
return offset.stretchedByRationalFactor (boost::rational<int64_t>(factor.numerator(), factor.denominator()));
}
inline Offset
operator* (double factor, Offset const& offset)
{
return offset.stretchedByFloatFactor (factor);
}
/** flip offset direction */
inline Offset
Offset::operator- () const
{
return -1 * (*this);
}
/**
* Duration is the internal Lumiera time metric.
* It is an absolute (positive) value, but can be
* promoted from an offset. While Duration generally
* is treated as immutable value, there is the
* possibility to send a _Mutation message_.
* @note Duration relies on Offset being limited
*/
class Duration
: public TimeValue
{
/// direct assignment prohibited
Duration& operator= (Duration const&);
public:
Duration()
: TimeValue{Time::ZERO}
{ }
Duration (Offset const& distance)
: TimeValue{buildRaw_(llabs (_raw(distance)))}
{ }
explicit
Duration (TimeValue const& timeSpec)
: Duration{Offset{timeSpec}}
{ }
Duration (FSecs const& timeSpan_in_secs)
: Duration{Offset{timeSpan_in_secs}}
{ }
/** duration of the given number of frames.
* @note always positive; count used absolute */
Duration (FrameCnt count, FrameRate const& fps)
: Duration{Offset{count,fps}}
{ }
Duration (TimeSpan const& interval);
Duration (Duration const& o)
: TimeValue{o}
{// assuming that negative Duration can not be constructed....
REQUIRE (t_ >= 0, "Copy rejected: negative Duration %lu", o.t_);
}
static const Duration NIL;
static const Duration MAX ;
void accept (Mutation const&);
/** @internal diagnostics */
explicit operator std::string() const;
/// Supporting backwards use as offset
Offset operator- () const;
};
//-- support combining and Durations ---------------
inline Duration
operator+ (Duration const& base, Duration const& toAdd)
{
return Offset(base) + Offset(toAdd);
}
inline Duration
operator- (Duration const& base, Duration const& toRemove)
{
return base > toRemove? Offset(base) - Offset(toRemove)
: Duration::NIL;
}
template<typename NUM>
inline Offset
operator* (NUM factor, Duration const& dur)
{
return factor * Offset(dur);
}
template<typename NUM>
inline Offset
operator* (Duration const& dur, NUM factor)
{
return factor*dur;
}
inline Offset
Duration::operator- () const
{
return -1 * (*this);
}
/**
* A time interval anchored at a specific point in time.
* The start point of this timespan is also its nominal
* position, and the end point is normalised to happen
* never before the start point. A TimeSpan is enough
* to fully specify the temporal properties of an
* object within the model.
*
* As an exception to the generally immutable Time
* entities, a non constant TimeSpan may receive
* _mutation messages_, both for the start point
* and the duration. This allows for changing
* position and length of objects in the timeline.
*
* @todo define these mutations
*/
class TimeSpan
: public Time
{
Duration dur_;
public:
TimeSpan(TimeValue const& start, Duration const& length)
: Time(start)
, dur_(length)
{ }
TimeSpan(TimeValue const& start, FSecs(duration_in_secs))
: Time(start)
, dur_(duration_in_secs)
{ }
TimeSpan(TimeValue const& start, TimeValue const& end)
: Time(start<=end? start:end)
, dur_(Offset(start,end))
{ }
TimeSpan(TimeValue const& start, Offset const& reference_distance)
: TimeSpan{start, Time{start} + reference_distance}
{ }
TimeSpan()
: TimeSpan(Time::ZERO, Time::ZERO)
{ }
TimeSpan conform() const; ///< @return a copy conformed to time domain limits
static const TimeSpan ALL;
Duration&
duration()
{
return dur_;
}
Duration
duration() const
{
return dur_;
}
Time
start() const
{
return *this;
}
Time
end() const
{
return TimeVar(*this) += dur_;
}
bool
contains (TimeValue const& tp) const
{
return *this <= tp
and tp < end();
}
/** may change start / duration */
void accept (Mutation const&);
/** @internal diagnostics */
explicit operator std::string() const;
/// Supporting extended strong total ordering, based on start and interval length
std::strong_ordering
operator<=> (TimeSpan const& ts) const
{
auto ord{ t_ <=> ts.t_ };
return ord != 0? ord
: dur_ <=> ts.dur_;
}
bool operator== (TimeSpan const& ts) const =default;
};
/**
* Framerate specified as frames per second.
* Implemented as rational number.
*/
class FrameRate
: public boost::rational<uint>
{
public:
FrameRate (uint fps) ;
FrameRate (uint num, uint denom);
FrameRate (size_t count, Duration timeReference);
explicit
FrameRate (boost::rational<uint> fractionalRate);
static FrameRate approx(double fps);
// standard copy acceptable;
double asDouble() const;
static const FrameRate PAL;
static const FrameRate NTSC;
static const FrameRate STEP; ///< 1 frame per second
static const FrameRate HALTED;
/** duration of one frame */
Duration duration() const;
/** derive total ordering from base class */
std::strong_ordering operator<=>(FrameRate const&) const = default;
explicit operator std::string() const;
};
/** convenient conversion to duration in fractional seconds */
inline FSecs
operator/ (int n, FrameRate rate)
{
return FSecs{ n*rate.denominator(), rate.numerator()};
}
/* == implementations == */
namespace { // implementation helpers...
template<typename NUM>
inline NUM
__ensure_nonzero (NUM n)
{
if (n == NUM{0})
throw error::Logic ("Degenerated frame grid not allowed"
, LERR_(BOTTOM_VALUE));
return n;
}
inline raw_time_64
symmetricLimit (raw_time_64 raw, TimeValue lim)
{
return raw > lim? _raw(lim)
: -raw > lim? -_raw(lim)
: raw;
}
}//(End) implementation helpers
/** derive a hash from the µ-tick value
* @return rotation of the raw value to produce a suitable spacing for consecutive time
* @remark picked up by Boost-hash, or std. hashtables with the help of `hash-standard.h`
* @see https://stackoverflow.com/a/31488147
*/
inline HashVal
hash_value (TimeValue const& time)
{
HashVal x = _raw(time); // possibly cap to size of hash
const uint width = sizeof(HashVal) * CHAR_BIT;
const uint mask = width-1;
const uint n = width / 2;
static_assert (0 < n and n <= mask);
return (x<<n) | (x>>((-n)&mask ));
}
/** @internal applies a limiter on the provided
* raw time value to keep it within the arbitrary
* boundaries defined by (Time::MAX, Time::MIN).
* While Time entities are \c not a "safeInt"
* implementation, we limit new values to
* lower the likelihood of wrap-around */
inline raw_time_64
TimeValue::limitedTime (raw_time_64 raw)
{
return symmetricLimit (raw, Time::MAX);
}
inline raw_time_64
TimeValue::limitedDelta (raw_time_64 origin, raw_time_64 target)
{
if (0 > (origin^target))
{// prevent possible numeric wrap
origin = symmetricLimit (origin, Duration::MAX);
target = symmetricLimit (target, Duration::MAX);
}
raw_time_64 res = target - origin;
return symmetricLimit (res, Duration::MAX);
}
inline TimeSpan
TimeSpan::conform() const ///< @note: implicitly capped to Duration::MAX
{
Offset extension{dur_};
TimeValue start{_raw(*this)};
return Offset{start} + extension > Time::MAX? TimeSpan{Time::MAX-extension, Time::MAX}
: TimeSpan{start, extension};
}
inline bool
TimeValue::isRegular() const
{
return Time::MIN < *this
and *this < Time::MAX;
}
inline
TimeVar::TimeVar (FSecs const& fractionalSeconds)
: TimeVar{Time(fractionalSeconds)}
{ }
inline
Offset::Offset (TimeValue const& distance)
: TimeValue{buildRaw_(symmetricLimit(_raw(distance)
, Duration::MAX))}
{ }
inline
Duration::Duration (TimeSpan const& interval)
: Duration{interval.duration()}
{ }
inline
FrameRate::FrameRate (uint fps)
: boost::rational<uint> (__ensure_nonzero(fps))
{ }
inline
FrameRate::FrameRate (uint num, uint denom)
: boost::rational<uint> (__ensure_nonzero(num), denom)
{ }
inline
FrameRate::FrameRate (boost::rational<uint> fractionalRate)
: boost::rational<uint> (__ensure_nonzero(fractionalRate))
{ }
boost::rational<uint> __framerate_approximation (size_t, Duration);
boost::rational<uint> __framerate_approximation (double);
inline
FrameRate::FrameRate (size_t count, Duration timeReference)
: FrameRate{__framerate_approximation (count, timeReference)}
{ }
inline FrameRate
FrameRate::approx (double fps)
{
return FrameRate{__framerate_approximation (fps)};
}
inline double
FrameRate::asDouble() const
{
return boost::rational_cast<double> (*this);
}
inline Duration
Offset::abs() const
{
return Duration{*this};
}
}} // lib::time
namespace util {
inline bool
isnil (lib::time::Duration const& dur)
{
return 0 == dur;
}
// repeated or forward declaration, see meta/util.hpp
template<typename X, typename COND>
struct StringConv;
/** specialisation: render fractional seconds (for diagnostics) */
template<>
struct StringConv<lib::time::FSecs, void>
{
static std::string
invoke (lib::time::FSecs) noexcept;
};
}
#endif /*LIB_TIME_TIMEVALUE_H*/